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Nevertheless, altered microbial composition and microbially derived metabolite actions in the gut may in turn exacerbate neurological symptoms via gut-brain signalling, suggesting that ASD-associated gut-brain axis alternations can contribute to an ASD phenotype

Medically reviewed by the Estheticare Medical Team.

HMOX1 overactivation leads to iron overload in mitochondria and leads to ferroptosis by releasing ferrous ions from haem ( 2+ can be exported from cells via ferroportin (FPN), which helps maintain iron homeostasis ( 2.2 Lipid metabolism As shown in Figure 1B , the key features of ferroptosis include various high levels of lipid peroxides, such as major lipid peroxides (LOOHs), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (36, 37)

The balance between T helper 17 (Th17) and T regulatory (Treg) cells plays a key role in maintaining normal immune function [116] but imbalance in the proportion of Th17 cells has been shown in patients with MTB and HIV co-infection [117]