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demonstrated that treating Caco-2 cells (which structurally and functionally resemble differentiated small intestinal epithelial cells) with coffee bean extract(CBE)-treated fecal microbiota suppressed MRP4 expression, whereas CBE alone did not have this effect

28 In addition, homocysteine is known to cause endothelial (protective lining) damage, a recognized contributor to the progressive loss of kidney function

361,362 Additionally, elevated levels of ATP7A are associated with poor overall survival (OS) in BRCA and liver cancer patients

4 Alcohol and ER stress Cell damage can be caused not only by oxidative stress but also by ER stress, which acts as a secondary hit model for disease progression (73)