what are side effects of glp 1 drugs GLP-1RA Essentials in Gastroenterology: Effect Management, Precautions for Endoscopy and Applications for Gastrointestinal Disease Treatment Some people taking GLP-1 medications

Abbreviations GLP1-RAs Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists FDA Food Drug Administration EMA the European Medicines Agency EGDS Esophagogastroduodenoscopies Authors contributions LV gave substantial contribution to conception and design, drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content, final approval of the version to be published and agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work thereby ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved

Glucagon-like peptide-1 and its analogues act in the dorsal raphe and modulate central serotonin to reduce appetite and body weight

This not only supports overall metabolic health but can also minimize hunger that results from blood sugar fluctuations

( Figure 5 ) Briefly, SGLT2i inhibits the SGLT receptors in the proximal tubule, which inhibits the reabsorption of glucose from primary urine, resulting in glycosuria and a decrease in HbA1c and fasting glucose levels ( Figure 5 Clinical implications Given the significant cardioprotective effect of SGLT2i and GLP-1RAs, the ADA guidelines state that all diabetic patients with confirmed or subclinical cardiovascular disease should be prescribed a GLP-1RA class or SGLT2i class with proven cardiovascular benefit, regardless of the patients HbA1c level or the presence of other glucose-lowering medications ( Strengths and limitations To the best of our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis to assess the effects of SGLT2i and GLP-1RAs as first-line therapeutic agents in T2DM patients with low cardiovascular disease risk